A study was undertaken in southern peninsular state of India, the Tamil Nadu State, to assess the farmers’ “Willingness to pay” (WTP) for receiving annual health care services to their dairy animals. The districts of the state were categorized as “Livestock developed” (LD) and “Livestock under developed” (LUD) based on initial base line developed. Contingent valuation (CV) approach was used to study the farmers’ maximum WTP value for two types of health care services: (a) providing health care services at government veterinary centers (in-centre) and (b) extending health care services at farmers’ doorsteps (farm gate). A payment card (PC) format was used to assess the farmers’ maximum WTP for receiving health care services to cows and buffaloes. The Maximum Likelihood Interval technique was used on interval midpoints.Overall mean WTP value for annual health care services in cows was INR 202.34 for in-centre services, while it was INR 261.66 for home services. Similarly, overall mean WTP value for annual health care services in buffaloes was INR 135.78 for in-centre services and INR 186.20 for farm gate services. The mean stated WTP values for both in-centre and at home services in the LD districts were highest as compared to LUD districts, leaving a scope for increased cost recovery. These WTP estimates exhibited the scope of cost recovery measure that can be implemented in lieu of free services extended currently, besides presenting a clue for designing a “vet-claim” policy in line with “medi-claim” policy for humans.

Maku Sardar Palace is located in Maku Town, East Azerbaijan province and is considered as one of the important historical monuments in Iran for both its tourist attractions and its location on the transit road to Turkey and Europe. The aim of this article is to estimate the recreational value of Sardar Palace by applying contingent valuation method. To achieve the goal, a questionnaire has been designed and distributed randomly among 180 visitors in 2008. The results indicate that about 68 Percent of the people accept to pay the offered price and based on the estimated model, the average price that the visitors are willing to pay for each visit is IRR 8,437. Findings of this article can be a suitable guide for the policymakers and planners of the country's cultural heritage in determining appropriate prices of the tickets and financing the costs of providing services and renovation of the said monument.

In recent decades, tourism has been considered as a way to decreasing tensions of urban life. This study tried to determine the effective factors in visitors'' willingness to pay for Asiab Kharabeh fall by using Tobit model. Data set were obtained by completing questionnaires and interviewing with 125 individuals who visit the fall. According to the results 69.6 percent of visitors were ready to pay as an admission for visiting the fall and the mean was about 4312 Rials per year. The results show that the variables income, tendency of staying in waterfall at night and membership in NGO environmental organization has significant and positive and variables include age, distance and household leadership have significant and negative effect on visitors'' WTP for Asiab Kharabeh fall.

Introduction: Considering increasing sexual risk behaviors such as lack of using condoms and having several sexual partners, identifying factors affecting on it can be useful in the design of preventive interventions for health educators. The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive-emotional determinants of high-risk behaviors among young people using Prototype/Willingness (P/W) Model.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, non-random sampling was employed to enroll 400 aged 18 to 28 referring to public places. A valid and reliable instrument based on P/W structures wad applied to measure cognitive factors.Results: The results showed that sexual risk behaviors at males (62.7%) are more than females (37.3%). Between sexual risk behaviors and self-control (p<0.001) was found a significant association. Among the P/W theoretical variables, intention (p<0.001) and social norms (p>0.05) were significant and direct predictors of sexual risk behavior in females. None of P/W structures was not significant predictors of sexual risk behaviors in males (p>0.05). In male, the previous experiences of sexual risk behaviors was significant at formation of the prototype (p=0.039) and prototype, also, in creating positive willingness toward risky sexual behaviors (p=0.004). In addition, at males, attitude toward behavior was significantly associated with behavioral intention (p<0.001), behavioral tendencies (p<0.001) and social norms (p<0.001).Conclusion: According to the findings, subjective norms and intention are the most important influential factors on sexual risk behaviors in females. In males, as well as, previous experiences play an important role in the formation of prototype and their willingness toward sexual risk behaviors.

According to Article 12 of Check Drawing Act, drawer of check can pay out funds of check and delayed payment penalty to the holder of check or provides causes of payment of them, in the middle of criminal procedure, even after issuing definitive judgment, and thereby causes to cease the criminal procedure or enforcement of judgment. The Article makes this image that to cease criminal procedure or enforcement of judgment, the drawer must pay the delayed payment penalty with the funds of check whether the delayed payment penalty was claimed, according to rules of Civil Procedure Act, by holder of check or not. But on the base of civil nature of delayed payment penalty and the necessity of demanding of it, the Article 12 of Check Drawing Act must be applied when the holder of check has demanded the delayed payment penalty whit funds of check according to circumstances required by law. Therefore, in the case that the holder of check has not demanded delayed payment penalty, the criminal procedure will be stopped if the drawer of check pays out only the funds of check to holder, also if the funds is paid after issuing final judgment, the enforcement of the judgment will be stopped.

The dispute between debitor and creditor regarding payment is discussed in Islamic Jurisprudence. This article presents a comparative study of different views and arguments of various schools of law concerning this issue. The function of the legislator under article 282 of the civil code concerning jurists and the reason for working outside of the French code civil is also clarified.

Electronic money is an instrument for Electronic payment Which has nearly all functions of physical money and doesn’t have its disadvantages.Electronic Money has many similarities with physical money but there are many challenges concerning its nature. Bill and physical money like notes, coins and electronic money are used in everyday business. In trades using physical money, the promise will be done immediately after handing the money. For determining this point in electronic payments, we need to explain the nature of electronic money as a bill or a means for electronic payment. If we consider electronic money as bill then by the moment of paying, the promise will be performed and the bank who published the electronic money won’t be responsible in front of those who receive the money, but if we consider it merely as a means of electronic payment, then we cannot say that the promise would be performed by the moment we use electronic money and the bank who published the money would be responsible for the performance of promise. In this research we are going to discuss different approaches concerning electronic Money and finally give a complete and comprehensive approach in order to answer the questions about Electronic money.

Recent advances in reproductive technologies have transformed the way people look at having children. Childless couples need not, and do not perceive their life a cursed one, thanks to the increasing practice of donor insemination, egg donation, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, surrogacy and its acceptance. Surrogacy is now a viable clinical option for childless couples. The two practices Egg donation and Surrogacy or contract pregnancy as some prefer to call it, raise very different ethical issues along with payment for Surrogacy.It has become evident that it is generally the socio-economically marginalized women who agree to act as surrogates due to the financial benefit it entails. This not only puts these already-vulnerable women in situations where their bodies may be exploited for the benefit of other people, but also jeopardizes their physical and mental health, thus making them ‘objects of reproduction’. Donors should not be paid for their eggs, but rather they should be compensated for the burdens of egg retrieval. Making the distinction between compensation for burdens and payment for a product has the advantages of limiting payment, not distinguishing between donors on the basis of their traits, and ensuring that donors are paid regardless of the number or quality of eggs retrieved.India is a hot destination for surrogacy because not only does it have a lot of successful IVF Surrogacy patients and good doctors there are a lot of women who are ready to be surrogates. The cost is the most beautiful part. Where the process takes about $60,000 in U.S, it is done is as much as $3000 in India. Who won’t take this offer up? Who won’t want to have a child in their arms after trying for years?